Antalya 25.8 backport of #90243: Fix crash in StorageDistributed when parsing malformed shard directory names

[mkmkme]

25.8.15 Stable backport of ClickHouse#90243: Fix crash in StorageDistributed when parsing malformed shard directory names

Same as #1343, but for Antalya 25.8

Changelog category (leave one):

• Critical Bug Fix (crash, data loss, RBAC)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix crash in StorageDistributed when parsing malformed shard directory names (ClickHouse#90243 by @AVMusorin)

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

...

CI/CD Options

Exclude tests:

• Fast test
• Integration Tests
• Stateless tests
• Stateful tests
• Performance tests
• Aarch64 tests
• All with ASAN
• All with TSAN
• All with MSAN
• All with UBSAN
• All with Coverage
• All Regression
• Disable CI Cache

Regression jobs to run:

• Fast suites (mostly <1h)
• Aggregate Functions (2h)
• Alter (1.5h)
• Benchmark (30m)
• ClickHouse Keeper (1h)
• Iceberg (2h)
• LDAP (1h)
• OAuth (5m)
• Parquet (1.5h)
• RBAC (1.5h)
• SSL Server (1h)
• S3 (2h)
• S3 Export (2h)
• Swarms (30m)
• Tiered Storage (2h)

[mkmkme]

No tests in the PR. Will self-verify once CI finishes

[github-actions]

Workflow [PR], commit [1409237]